JACOB BLESSES HIS SONS By the end of Jacob’s life on earth, the era of the great Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob), came to an end. Then Israel set forth, not as individuals, but as a people, as yeast, that should raise the whole dough by faith, and prepare the world for the coming of the Savior Messiah. That is why that era, was sealed by giving the blessing to every tribe, that carries in itself a prophecy on the coming of the Savior. 1- Jacob calls his sons 1-2. 2- Reuben 3-4. 3-Simeon and Levi 5-7. 4- Judah 8-12. 5- Zebulun 13. 6- Issachar 14-15. 7- Dan 16-18. 8- Gad 19. 9- Asher 20. 10- Naphtali 21. 11- Joseph 22-26. 12- Benjamin 27. 13- The final command 28-33. 1- JACOB CALLS HIS SONS “Jacob called his sons and said, ‘Gather together that I may tell you what shall befall you in the last days” (Gen. 49:1). After a life full of strife, along which Jacob took over for himself the blessing and birthright; and became worthy, despite his numerous weaknesses, of getting the promise, that the Savior Messiah would come from his seed, in Whom all nations would be blessed. He remained 17 years in Egypt, quietly and in peace. And now, as he was about to pass from this earth, he saw his sons as tribes, from which the people of God would emerge, to enjoy the land of promise, and the Savior Messiah would come. His mouth was opened to utter what he sees through the spirit of prophecy, or through the shadows, as though he is Moses who ascended to Mount Nebo, to look from afar at the land of promise, and rejoice for the sake of the people, who would enjoy the realization of the promise, of which he was deprived. In the twelve tribes, he saw the Church that would enjoy the salvation of Christ, and grow in Spirit. He saw in Reuben, the firstborn, and his natural fruit from Leah, a man who leans on the birthright of the flesh, namely the works of the Law, to lose the birthright of the Spirit; That is why he counted him as the one who defiled his father’s bed, by defiling the Church, the bride of Christ, through his selfrighteousness. And in Simeon and Levi, from whom the scribes and priests came, who opposed the Lord Christ, the Word of God. Referring to the sin of evil plotting, and of counsels of transgressions, that corrupts the ministry and the work of God. As for Judah, he saw him representing the crucified Lamb, and at the same time, the lion, conqueror by the cross. He saw the Lord Christ coming from the tribe of Judah, to grant the power of His resurrection to His believers; as though, it is not enough for us to forsake self-righteousness (Reuben), and reject the counsel of 4 transgression (Simeon and Levi). But we should attach ourselves to the true Judah, in order to enjoy the power of His resurrection working in us. By that, he then set forth to Zebulun, who refers to setting forth toward the sea, namely heading to the Gentiles to preach them. He, who carries in him, the risen Judah, could never stand to see the Gentiles in their lack of faith; but would seek the salvation of every soul. He compares Issachar to a donkey, carrying the burdens of others. If we are accused of idiocy, because of our bearing the passion with joy, and our serving others; let us not escape, but keep on working incessantly, guided by His words: “Come to Me, all who labor, and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest” (Matthew 11:28). The more the kingdom of God extends among the nations, the more will be the opposition of the devil, until the Antichrist appears, out of the tribe of Dan, as a serpent by the way, a viper by the path, to bite until killing. Then he spoke of Gad, as being tramped upon by a troop, but triumphs at last as a reference to the believer who is often attacked, yet to conquer at the end. That is why, he is followed by Asher with his fat bread, and royal dainties; the spiritual wars, even if they expose our weaknesses, yet, they give strength to the soul, and make it more fruitful. After Asher, he spoke of Naphtali, of quick action. He gives sweet words to all. As to Joseph, he carries the seeds of two tribes: Manasseh and Ephraim; his name meaning, ‘growth,’ through forgetting the worries of the world ‘Manasseh,’ and enjoying the increasing fruition ‘Ephraim.’ Finally he speaks of Benjamin, meaning ‘son of the right hand;’ who enjoys the fellowship of the eternal glory. In short, we can say, that Jacob with the spirit of prophecy in his sons, is a living portrait of the Church, striving in Jesus Christ: 1- Reuben: Getting away from self-righteousness. 2- Simeon and Levi: Getting away from evil plotting. 3- Judah: Getting attached to Christ. 4- Zebulun: Setting forth to preaching. 5- Issacher: Bearing the burdens of others. 6- Dan: Opposing the devil. 7- Gad: Spiritual strife. 8- Asher: Fruits of the strife. 9- Nephtali: Sweetness of talk. 10- Joseph: Continuous growth.(Manasseh [forgetting the worries of the world] and Ephraim [enjoying the increasing fruition]) 11- Benjamin: Enjoyment of the right hand of God. 2- REUBEN As the blessing is through the shadow of the Law, Jacob began by his firstborn according to the flesh Reuben, who represents the nature, having come from Leah. Reuben means ‘son of vision.’ But unfortunately, he did not keep the purity of his eyes, to behold the heavenly things, but leaned on his own ‘self,’ and lost his insight, to leave his spiritual birthright to Judah, who would enjoy the coming of the Lord Christ, the true Firstborn, from his seed; He, whose fragrance gives pleasure to the Father. Jacob blesses his firstborn, according to the flesh; but admonishes him at the same time: “Reuben, you are my firstborn; my might, and the beginning of my strength; the excellency of dignity, and the excellency of power. Unstable as water, 5 you shall not excel, because you went up to your father’s bed. Then you defiled it - He went up to my couch” your father’s bed” (Gen. 49:3-4). Jacob was proud of his firstborn, and calls him his might and the beginning of his strength He received the best dignity and power, yet, he does not forget that he went and lay with Bilhah his father’s concubine (Gen. 35:22). Because of that, he lost his birthright, to be given to Joseph’s sons (1 Chronicles 5:1). As to the spiritual birthright, it went to Judah. Reuben was defeated before his bodily lust, so became like water, boiling up then cooling down again, losing his virtue. Reuben represented the Jewish people, counted as firstborn in the knowledge of God, but, because of his denial, he lost his birthright; lost his spiritual strength, his dignity and virtue, and counted as defiled, through their attempt to corrupt the Church of God. About this, St. Hippolytus of Rome says: [A great role was supposed, for the power of God, to be proclaimed, on account of His firstborn people, on their exodus from the land of Egypt. For their sake, that land had been chastised in several ways that people was meant by His saying: “My strength and my firstborn, the first people, the circumcised.”] But unfortunately, they lost this privilege because of their denial of faith of the Savior, and were counted as defilers of the Church. What happened with the Jews, will happen at the time of backsliding, when many will deny faith; St. Hippolytus of Rome says: [In the last days, people will violate the Father’s bed, namely, the Church His bride, to corrupt it, something that is happening nowadays through blasphemy.] 3- SIMEON AND LEVI “Simeon and Levi are brothers; instruments of cruelty are in their habitation. Let not my soul enter their council; let not my honor be united to their assembly. For in their anger, they slew a man, and in their self-will, they hamstrung an ox. Cursed be their anger, for it is fierce; and their wrath, for it is cruel!” (Gen. 49:5-7). What did Jacob see in his two sons that made him reject their council and their assembly? St. Hippolytus says: [From Simeon came the scribes, and from Levi the priests; through their will, the scribes and priests consummated the evil, by crucifying Christ.] Indeed they were brothers, yet in their union, they did not dignify God, but crucified the Savior, who came as Man, and hamstrung Him, He who offered Himself a sacrifice (as an ox) for their redemption. This is the spiritual concept, in which we reject every wicked council, in order to live in the Church, the kingdom of God. According to the literal concept, Simeon and Levi were brothers, namely, similar in character; each of them took his sword, and came to the city of Shechem, where they killed every male, avenging their sister Dinah, who was defiled by Shechem, son of Hamor, the Hivite (Gen. 34); disregarding justice in their revenge. Together they planned evil, and brought trouble on their father. 4- JUDAS Indeed, Judah did not get two portions like Joseph, his brother, who took the birthright from Reuben, to become two tribes: Manasseh and Ephraim, whom Jacob counted as his sons, like Reuben and Simeon, referred to him (Gen. 48:5). But Judah, got the portion of a lion in the blessing, when Jacob saw the Lord Christ, the King and Priest, coming from his seeds, saying: “Judah, you are he whom your brothers shall praise; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father’s children shall bow down before you” (Gen. 49:8). Who is this Judah, whom his brothers shall praise, but the Lord Christ, 6 Himself, Who comes from the tribe of Judah; Who, with the cross, has put his hand on the neck of the devil, his enemy, and destroyed him, to set humanity free from his authority, in order to let them worship Him in Spirit and truth. Judas became the royal tribe; starting by David, the king and prophet; and culminating by the coming of the King of kings, the Lord of glory Himself. “Judah is a lion’s whelp. From the prey, my son, you have gone up; He bows down, he lies down as a lion; and as a lion, who shall rouse Him?!” (Gen. 49:9). Seeing the Lord Christ, in the seed of Judah, Jacob called Him the lion that came out of the war of the cross, victorious over his spiritual enemies. He bowed down, and lied down on the cross. But, even in His sleep on the cross, He has been a lion. No enemy could approach Him. Concerning this, St. Augustine says: [He prophesied the death of Christ by saying “lied down,” stressing that his death has been by his own will, and not compulsory; symbolizing Him by a lion. He, Himself, proclaimed that authority, in the Bible, saying, “No one takes it from Me, but I lay it down by Myself; I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again” (John 10:18). So the lion roared, and consummated what he said. Then He added to that His power in resurrection, saying, ”Who shall arouse Him?,” namely, He will raise Himself up, no one will arouse Him. He said about His body, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up” (John 2:10). He also talked about the kind of His death, namely being lifted up on the cross, saying, “From the prey, you have gone up1.”] Then he goes on saying: “The scepter shall not depart from Judas, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh comes; and to Him shall be the obedience of the people” (Gen. 49:10). It is a privilege that Jacob gives to his son, whose descendant will carry the royal scepter, and from among his children (between His feet), will be the Lawgiver, until the Messiah, the Grantor of peace (Shiloh) comes, to include the nations in His spiritual kingdom. St. Augustine says: [The Jews, were so called, after “Judah” one of the twelve sons of Jacob... from whose seed, royalty came... From that tribe kings came; and from it our Lord Jesus Christ came2.] “Binding his donkey to the vine, and his donkey’s colt to the choice vine. He washed his garment in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes” (Gen. 49:11) In our study of the gospel of Matthew, chapter 21, we saw that the donkey’s colt refers to the Jewish people, and the donkey to the Gentiles, who lost their minds, because of their pagan defilements. He is proclaiming by the spirit of prophecy that both, the Jews and the Gentiles, have united together to the vine. And the choice vine has become one holy Church. As St. Hippolytus comments on this phrase: [He calls both circumcised and uncircumcised peoples to one faith3.] This, and the garment of Christ, refers to the Church, attached to Him, as what we saw in our talk on the colored tunic (Gen. 37:3); that garment, that was washed by the Lord in His pure blood]; and as St. Cyprian says: [What is the blood of wine, but the wine of the blood of the Lord?!4] And St. Clement of Alexandria says: [The vine produces wine, and the Word offers blood; both give health: the wine for the body, and the blood for the spirit5.] And St. Augustine says: [What is this garment, that He washes in wine, 1 City of God 16:41. 2 On Ps. 76. 3 Treatise on Christ and Antichrist. 12:13. 4 Ep. 62:6. 5 Paedagogus 1:5. 7 namely in His blood, from sin, but the Church?!1] “His eyes are darker than wine, and His teeth whiter than milk” (Gen. 49:12). St. Hippolytus comments on this phrase, saying: [His eyes glow, as though by the word of truth, watching what is believed; and his teeth are whiter than milk, expressing the strength of His illuminating words. That is why he described them as white, and compared them to milk, that nourishes the body and soul.] St. Augustine says: [His eyes are red because of the wine; these are His spiritual people, who drink His cup; and His teeth are whiter than milk; which is the words taken by the babes, who, as the apostle says, are not still qualified for solid food (1 Corinthians 3:2; 1 Peter 2:2)2.] St. Hippolytus also says, that the eyes refer to the prophets, and the milk to the commandments of Christ, saying: [What are the eyes of Christ, but the prophets who prophesied by the Spirit, and proclaimed in advance, the passions that He would suffer; and rejoiced, as they clearly saw Him, through the spiritual insight, getting revived by His word and grace?... And the milk refers to the commandments, coming from the mouth of Holy Christ, pure as milk3.] 5- ZEBULUN “Zebulun shall dwell by the haven of the sea. He shall become a haven for ships; and his border shall adjoin Sidon” (Gen., 49:13). The tribe of Zebulun dwelt west of the River Jordan, west of the Sea of Galilee; and worked as traders, who most probably have taken over locations close to the Mediterranean Sea. St. Hippolytus believes, that his saying, “Zebulun shall dwell by the Haven of the sea,” carries a symbol of the union of Israel to the Gentiles; as the sea symbolized the Gentiles, while the river symbolized the Jews4; so the two together unite to form one flock. St. Hippolytus says: [The Haven for ships, designates a secure Haven, referring by this to the Lord Christ, the Anchor of hope. Here is a reference to the call to the Gentiles; when the grace of Christ covers the whole earth as well as the sea. By saying: “He shall become a haven for ships, and his border shall adjoin Sidon,” he presents a prophetical proclamation, concerning the Church of the Gentiles, which appeared in the Gospel: “The land of Zebulun and the land of Nephtali, the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles; The people who sat in the darkness saw a great light” (Matthew 4:15-16). Therefore, by saying Zebulun, fixing his dwelling by the border of the sea, he prophecies the union of Israel with the Gentiles, both to become one flock, under the One Great Shepherd, the good by His nature, the Lord Christ. That is why, in his blessing, Moses says: “Rejoice, O Zebulun” (Deuteronomy 33:18). 6- ISSACHAR “Issachar is a strong donkey, lying down between two burdens; he saw that rest was good, and that the land was pleasant; he bowed his shoulder to bear a burden, and became a band of slaves” (Gen. 49:14-15). He likened Issachar to a strong donkey; as that tribe used to work as farmers, characterized by patience. As the land was fertile, he was satisfied with agriculture, and did not care, except rarely for 1 City of God 16:41. 2 City of God 16:41. 3 Treatise on Christ and Antichrist. 12, 13. 4 Cf. our Commentary on Habakkuk 3:8.. 8 politics, and was accordingly exposed to paying taxes. St. Hippolytus believes that his saying that the land was pleasant, refers to the body of Christ, rich with His gifts, presented to us to inherit, as though the land of promise, that floods with milk and honey, nourishing the babes and grown-ups. In the introduction to this chapter, we said that Issachar was like a donkey, that carries the burdens of others, bowing down his shoulders of love, for the tired, and enslaving himself to set others free. When Saul of Tarsus, tasted the good taste of the land, and got aware of the divine gifts, given to him through his fellowship in the body of Christ, he bowed down his shoulder and said: “For though I am free from all men, I have myself a servant to all, that I might win the more” (1 Corinthians 9:19). That was the tax he paid, delivering himself as a slave, although he was a free man, in order to set the slaves free, and to win them as children of God. He bowed down his shoulders, saying: “Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble, and I do not burn with indignation?!” (2 Corinthians 11:29). “I will very gladly spend and be spent for your souls; though the more abundantly I love you, the less I am loved. But be that as it may” (2 Corinthians 12:15-16). 7- DAN“ Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. Dan shall be a serpent by the way, a viper by the path that bites the horse’s heels, so that its rider shall fall backward. I have waited for your salvation, O Lord” (Gen. 49:16-18). As this prophecy carries bitterness, he started it with an admonishment, proclaiming that Dan is “one of the tribes of Israel;” counted as a tribe, although he was the first among Jacob’s sons born to a concubine (Gen. 30:1-6). His descendants were known as having been shrewd cunning; described by Moses as “A lion’s whelp; He shall leap from Bashan” (Deuteronomy 33: 22). St. Irenaeus says that the antichrist will come from the tribe of Dan; a view accepted by several Fathers, and supported by St. Hippolytus, by quoting the prophet Jeremiah, “The snorting of his horses was heard from Dan. The whole land trembled at the sound of the neighing of his strong ones. For they have come and devoured the land and all that is in it, the city and those who dwell in it. ‘For behold, I will send serpents among you, vipers which cannot be charmed, and they shall bite you’” (Jeremiah 8:16-17); believing all that to conform with the time of (backsliding), when the antichrist would come out of the tribe of Dan, with his hosts, to make war against the Church all over the world, and to bite the believers with the poison of his blasphemies. He also supports his view by the words of the prophet Moses: “A lions whelp; He shall leap from Bashan” (Deuteronomy 33:22). As the Lord Christ came out of the tribe of Judah as a lion, the antichrist, in order to deceive mankind, would come out of the tribe of Dan, as a whelp of a lion. As the Lord Christ came out of the tribe of Judah, the antichrist will come out of the tribe of Dan… What does he mean here by the Serpent, but the deceiving antichrist; the serpent that was mentioned in the Book of Genesis (3:1), that deceived Adam and Eve?! That would surely be realized in the tribe of Dan; from which would come a tyrant, a king, a fearsome judge - a son of Satan1. St. Hippolytus of Rome 1 Treat on Christ and Antichrist 14, 15. 9 8- GAD “Gad, a troop shall tramp upon him; But he shall triumph at last” (Gen. 49:19). The tribe of Gad chose the region, east of the Jordan as its portion, after vowing to the prophet Moses to cross, with the rest of his brothers, over the Jordan, and fight together with them, until all the enemies are driven out of the promised land (Numbers 32). Their choice of the east of Jordan, made their land a battle field between Aram and Israel (2 Kings 10: 33), and they wereexposed to attacks by the Amonites and the Amorites, but the children of God, were always capable of chasing and defeating them. Some Gadites joined David at the stronghold in the wilderness; and were described as, “mighty men of valor, men trained for battle, who could handle shield and spear, whose faces were like the faces of lions, and were a swift as gazelles on the mountains,... the least (of them) was over a hundred, and the greatest was over a thousand” (1 Chronicles 12: 8, 14). Gad, therefore, represented the soul, that faces several spiritual wars, yet would never cease to strive in the Lord; hastening as a gazelle toward the higher Jerusalem; fearlessly making war against sins and transgressions. 9- ASHER “Bread from Asher shall be rich; and he shall yield royal dainties’ (Gen. 49: 20). Jacob prophesied the prosperity of Asher; and the prophet Moses said that he will “dip his foot in oil” (Deuteronomy 33:24). The two prophesies were realized, as the tribe of Asher enjoyed fertile lands, rich in olive trees from which oil was extracted. The produce of their land was so abundant, that their bread was described as rich; and they used to export to the other tribes. Their dwelling close to the sea, also enabled them to import foreign items, then sell them to the other tribes; so it was said that they “yield royal dainties.” That tribe referred to abundance of grace in the life of spiritual strugglers. 10- NAPHTALI “Naphtali is a doe set free, that bears beautiful fawns” (Gen. 49:21). That tribe, in its love for freedom, simulated a female gazelle running free in an open wilderness, and in a valley with no obstacles; roaming swiftly wherever it chooses. Yet that freedom was not an excuse for wickedness and corruption, but this tribe had been committed to good relationships with the rest of tribes, offering “full blessings of the Lord.” And in the Book of Judges, Deborah, the prophetess sang, saying: “Zebulun is a people who jeopardized their life to the point of death; Naphtali also, on the heights of the battlefield” (Judges 5:18); probably in reference to their strife in wars. The prophet Moses blessed them before his death, saying: “O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, and full of blessing of the Lord; Possess the west and the south” (Deuteronomy 33: 23). Thus Naphtali came to represent the soul, which, because of its tender relationship with its brothers, it enjoys the blessing of the Lord. 11- JOSEPH Joseph, the “man of dreams,” the firstborn of Rachel, was praised more than all his brothers; having been honest in his relationship with God, and loving all, as a son, a brother, a slave, a prisoner, or a leader in a palace. That is why his father called him, “a fruitful bough,” repeating it twice, as a reference that its fruit is that of love; and because the figure 2, as said by St. Augustine, refers to love, making two into one. Joseph was a bough that produced a heavenly fruit, exalted high, not hindered by the wall of events nor surrounding circumstances, saying: “Joseph is a fruitful bough, 10 a fruitful bough by a well. His branches run over the wall. The archers have bitterly grieved him, shot at him and hated him. But his bow remained in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty God of Jacob” (Gen. 49: 22-24) Joseph represents the human soul, honest to God, that does not cease to offer spiritual love, despite numerous oppressions and fierce spiritual wars. That soul keeps on being a fruitful bough, connected to the origin, according to the words of the Lord: “I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in Me, and I in him, bears much fruit. For without Me you can do nothing” (John 15:5). It is the bough that is attached to the well of the water of the Holy Spirit, that grants it life and fruits; to grow to become like “branches run over the wall” of time, set forth toward heaven. Through abiding in Christ, and enjoying the work of the Holy Spirit, the soul faces Satan and his hosts “the archers,” such a bitter war, which would justify him and reveal, the more, his conquest. St. Hippolytus believes that the talk here applies more to the Lord Christ, whose brothers envied Him, and whom the archers, namely the leaders of people, grieved Him by their bitter counsel. But their bows were broken, and their arms collapsed, proclaiming His victory on the cross against the wicked hosts. The Lord Christ was often described as a bough especially in the book of Zechariah (3:8). Joseph, although separated by his brothers, who sold him as a slave, to live far away in humiliation, was seen by Jacob as “a (Nazarite) among his brothers,” namely dedicated to God on their behalf; to enjoy exalted heavenly and worldly blessings; saying: “By the hands of the Mighty God of Jacob, (from there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel); By the God of your father who will help you, and by the Almighty who will bless you; With blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies beneath, blessings of the breasts and of the womb. The blessings of your father have excelled the blessings of my ancestors; up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills. They shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him, who was separate from his brothers (the Nazarite among his brothers)” (Gen. 49:24-26). Jacob asks for his son Joseph every blessing possible, praying on his behalf to God, beloved by him; the Shepherd and the Stone of Israel, who will help him; asks from the Almighty, to bless him with the blessings of heaven above, and blessings of the deep that lies beneath; riches of the land and abundance of descendants (blessings of the breasts and womb); to be granted more blessings than those given to Isaac by Abraham, and to Jacob by Isaac (The blessings of your father have excelled the blessings of my ancestors); asking for him a blessing that would be up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills. So Jacob loved his son Joseph more than himself, praying for him to be granted much more than he got of his father’s blessing; a blessing that will cover his soul (blessing of heaven), and his body (blessing of the deep that lies beneath) and all his energies and abilities (blessings of the breasts and womb), to become eternally blessed, and a Nazarite among his brothers to intercede on their behalf. 12- BENJAMIN “Benjamin is a ravenous wolf. In the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil” (Gen. 49:27). The prophecy refers here to the courage of the tribe of Benjamin and its might in war. It was said of them: “Everyone of them could sling a stone at a hair’s breath and not miss” (Judges 20: 16). 11 St. Hippolytus of Rome says that the prophecy here refers to King Saul who was from the tribe of Benjamin, who was threatening to devour King David like a wolf; and refers as well to Saul of Tarsus, who set forth in the morning of his life, to devour the Church as a spoil, but, after he believed, he submitted and delivered himself to her as food (The Septuagint version). St. Jerome presented us with the same thought, saying: [Paul, the persecutor of the Church, the wolf coming out of the tribe of Benjamin to devour a prey, bows his head before Ananias, one of Christ’s flock, to have his eyes healed, before the medicine of Baptism (Acts 9:17-18) 1.] He also says: [In the morning, Paul, the prosecutor of the Church, was a wolf that devours; but in the evening he became food to be offered (according to the Septuagint version) submitted to the lamb, Ananias2.] 13- THE FINAL COMMAND Jacob previously made his son Joseph vow to bury him with his father, his mother, and his grandparents, in Canaan, in the cave of Machpelah, which Abraham bought from Ephron the Hitite; Now, he is repeating his command to his twelve sons. He lived all his life, like his fathers before him, a stranger, waiting for the fulfillment of God’s promise in his descendants. Finally, he died on hope, “He breathed his last, and was gathered to his people” (Gen. 49:33). 1 Ep. 69:6. 2 Ep. 60:8.
Welcome